Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Corporate Social Responsibility And Csr - 4210 Words

Executive Summary The topic of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has grown very quickly. In our century there are several strategies that companies are using to run their businesses. Population is demanding that companies take their social responsibility in a different way. A lot of companies have started to get in involve in CSR as a strategy in order to obtain benefits that can give them a competitive advantage. There is an increasing number of companies and a tendency of CSR involvement to run their businesses. Statistics are showing that implementing a correct CSR can help companies to succeed in business by increasing brand awareness and sales volume. In order to grow, develop, and go global businesses are using many strategies. CSR is a topic that now a day has grown rapidly. Every day, customers are supporting companies that are taking their social responsibility very seriously. Companies are engaging CSR as a strategy in order to improve benefits and obtain advantage over their competitors. The numbers of companies that are engaging their CSR are increasing every day. At the present time, CSR can motivate companies to be successful in business by increasing sales volume and brand awareness. Introduction In our century, society and environment are very interrelated. Companies are playing an essential piece in the development of the society and the environment. On the other hand, companies have the responsibility to practice a correct CSR. As theShow MoreRelatedCorporate Social Responsibility And Csr1566 Words   |  7 PagesSocial responsibility or also called Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)- is the firm’s engagement (voluntarily initiated) in and its compliance (legally mandated) to environmental, social, and governance issues (The Foundation, 2014). Also, is based on stakeholder’s needs being financially sustainable, and CSR can come from both corporate or not-to-profit organizations. CSR has seven categories; Leadership, vision and values; Marketplace activities; Workforce activities; Supply chain activities;Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr1232 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate social responsibility has become a buzzword within the industry in the last few years. Following the financial market crash investors and stakeholders began looking at corporations to act more socially responsible. The meaning of social responsibility differs across regions. Western countries are the ones who are pushing for corporate social responsibility -thesis-- A broad overview at corporate social responsibility (CSR) looks to corporations to make a change in the society or the environmentRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesCSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility and it is a concept with many definitions and practices and also a buzzword in the media. In general, corporate social responsibility is the policies and programs of business corporations which tend to benefit society while improving a corporation’s public image and profitability at the same time. The meaning of it is implemented in different countries and companies differently. Warren Buffet said that it takes 20 years to build a reputation and onlyRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1167 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which is also known as corporate citizenship, corporate conscience or in a simple way a responsible business. It is an integrated concept of self-regulatory business model for any organisation. Corporate Social Responsibility has been in practice for more than fifty years now, which has been adopted not only by domestic companies but also by transnational company with voluntary CSR initiativesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )863 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology in the last century. The term of Corporate Social Responsibility appears more often into public’s concerned and it has become a hot issue in recent years. This essay is going to discuss and provide an overview of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by debate some key issue in this area. 1.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? In 1953, Bowen’s Social Responsibility of the Businessman firstly discusses the idea of corporate social responsibility. He states the relationship between societyRead MoreCsr : Corporate Social Responsibility1598 Words   |  7 Pages CSR stands for Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined by many groups like, Tata steel, Coca Cola, Reliance, Videocon etc. Although they all stand for similar meanings connecting to taking responsibilities of the society as a business individual, its definition has been getting broader from a established point of view, corporate social responsibility is a type of business instruction included in a business demonstration. CSR policy functions as a self-regulatoryRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1173 Words   |  5 Pages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is highly important to Millennials. If a company is lacking a CSR plan, now it a good time to start one. Millennials are looking for ways in making a positive impact on the world and are expecting the same from companies. They are looking for companies that contribute to the betterment of communities and the environment. Millennials put great value in supporting such brands, companies and organizations that share these values. Companies without a CSR in placeRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Csr979 Words   |  4 PagesThe notion of Corporate Social Responsibility is a phenomenon globally known for many years. In spite of the fact that CSR has been neglected for quite a long time, nowadays several authors deal with this issue, as revealed by the development of theories in recent years concerning the topic. In spite of the fact that there has been a huge growth of literature it is still impossible to simply define CSR. Many definitions trying to capture the concept of CSR exist, but their content varies (MattenRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1314 Words   |  6 PagesSocial responsibility has become a primal interest to the humankind for the past two decades. In the earlier days, the firms and organizations concentrated only on the financial part of the business and ignored the ethical, social and moral sectors. But in the recent times, the businesses are getting a grip of the significance of the social, ecological and environmental effects on their success. This has resulted in the emerging interactions between organizations and social segments thus giving riseRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility ( Csr )1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmore attention on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). The core issue is the appropriate responsibility of business. In as much as firms ought to obey the law, but beyond complete compliance with environmental laws, the question is whether firms have extra social responsibilities to commit part of their resources to environmental preservation voluntarily. This memo provides an exploratory investigation of the link between corporate social responsibility and the benefits accruing to a

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Understanding the Debate Over the Origins of Life Essay...

When addressing the origins of life, an unwavering dedication to the theories behind creationism evolutionary and abiogenesis theories makes itself present. It is in this realm of debate, Darwin challenges the dogmatic approach to understanding made by religious doctrine with science and evolutionary precedent. The ongoing debate between evolutionary and abiogenesis biologists and religious leaders is the ultimate contest between science pseudoscience. Evolutionary biology bases its claims behind the idea that a gene is a hereditary unit that can be passed generation to generation. Through this change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, natural selection acts upon the genetic variation of†¦show more content†¦Often times, a derogatory attitude accompanies the idea of Creationism. The belief in creation by an almighty being is not a supplemental belief attached only to the Bible; instead, creation is the definitive deduction of a clear reading and understanding of Genesis in its intended form - as a purely historical narrative. This historical narrative, given to humanity by a supreme being, is the basis and foundation upon which a biblical worldview is based. A myriad of interpretations of creationism conclude that an intelligent, all-knowing demiurge, not natural selection or natural influences, created the universe and all the life found within. Creationism distinguishes those who reject naturalism as a credible explanation for how the universe and all the life within it came into existence. However, creationism includes a varying number of fields, including theology, astronomy, biology, geology, and physics. Creationism is not a scientific or theological discipline in and of itself, but is instead a theologically based framework through which empirical and substantial data is interpreted. We find various forms of creationism throughout ancient history in an innumerable number of civilizations and antiquated societies. Greek mythology dictates that the world was created by Erebus and Gaia, Norse mythology points to Ymir as the almighty creator, and Christian doctrine finds itsShow MoreRelatedCan Science Explain And Account For Human Morality?1011 Words   |  5 Pageshas long since been a topic of debate, with hundreds of branches to the ever-expanding argument. One area of debate is that of science’s power to explain and account for the history of Human morality. In the question: â€Å"Can Science Explain and Account for Human Morality?† we also have another question: â€Å"Is the foundation of morality natural, or supernatural?†. In this question, there is a dichotomy between the origin of morality being scientific in nature, or the origin of morality being founded uponRead MoreThe Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s Dreaming1485 Words   |  6 Pagesvery distinct part of sleep. It’s called ‘paradoxical sleep’ because it is not the part of sleep which provides us with rest. During the dream phase of sleep (REM), we actually have more of the ‘stress hormones’ such as adrenaline in our systems. So over-dreaming stresses the system leaving us exhausted when we awaken. If a depressed person is woken every time they show rapid eye movement (which generally coincides with dreaming) then the symptoms of clinical depression can lift. But they may becomeRead More Creationism and Public Schools Essay example960 Words   |  4 PagesSchools nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The issue of whether creationism should be taught in public schools, rather than evolution, is a new one. It has only been in the past fifty years that it has even been in debate. Public school science classes, when discussing the origins of life on Earth, coincided with Sunday school classes. Students learned that the Earth, universe and everything else was created in seven days, by God, as stated in the Old Testament. It was not until recently with the riseRead MoreA New Insight On The Moon s Levels Of Oxygen1473 Words   |  6 PagesOrigins, A New Insight With increasing evidence, it is becoming ever more evident that a large Mars-sized body, Theia impacted the planet that was to become Earth. This collision caused fragmentation of the two celestial objects and eventually coalesced to form the moon. (1) Scientists have analyzed the Moon’s levels of oxygen molecule types are identical to Earth’s. (2) Thus, the collision delivered much of the Oxygen necessary for early water to form, as water is a collection of Oxygen and theRead MoreA Number Of Years About Evolution And Creationism1592 Words   |  7 Pagespresent form at one time within the last 10,000 years? Question two: Do you think we developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process, including our creation? The third question: Do you think we have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, and God had no part in the process? The answers to these three questions have been consistent over many years . About 45% of Americans agree with young earth creationism or Question one. The theisticRead MoreComparative Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesComparative Essay: Original creation of the Earth PHSC 210, D03-LUO I. Introduction The old-Earth evolution and young-Earth creation debate has been one that has gone on for centuries. Each viewpoint seeks to give an answer to life’s most difficult questions or origins and how the Earth came to be what it resembles today. While the Young Earth viewpoint has remained constant and unchanged throughout the centuries the Old Earth view seems to be continually evolving as new discoveriesRead MoreThe Theory of Evolution and Creationism Debate The subject on what goes into public school1700 Words   |  7 Pages The Theory of Evolution and Creationism Debate The subject on what goes into public school textbooks have always been an intense debate. Recently Bill Nye the Science Guy and Ken Ham held a debate on this topic on February 4, 2014 which gain over two million views. Which raised the question is creationism a viable model of origin in today’s modern scientific era (Ken Ham)? In order for one to answer this question accurately first one would need to know why this question is significant. Then theyRead MoreOn March 22, 2016, The Library Of Congress Issued A Press1739 Words   |  7 Pagesmajor reasons for their reevaluation. In response, on May 10, Tea Party Republic successfully attempted to restrict the library’s autonym. Hence, the perplexing predicament that occurred at the Library of Congress, because of a simple phrase change. Debates about immigration terminology have reflected the clash of ideologies in the United States. Historically, legal immigration terms such as â€Å"illegal alien†, were used to s olidify nationalistic agendas; which can be seen with the Johnson-Reed ImmigrationRead MoreThe Museum Of Natural History1242 Words   |  5 PagesIn March of 2010, the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History marked its 100th anniversary with the opening of the Hall of Human Origins exhibit. The Hall of Human Origins is comprised of information that takes museum-goers back in time to witness human development over the course of thousands of years and its impact on the world. For many, this exhibit serves as an environment that fosters learning, increases knowledge, and sparks interest in anthropic history. Yet for others, this exhibit sticksRead MoreTime to Hit the Holy Books: Evolution and Intelligent Design in the Classroom1235 Words   |  5 Pageslocked in a vicious battle, only letting up as religion has gradually modernized to accommodate newer understandings of the universe. But, as is the nature of any age-old debate, the fires fueling this conflict have once again been fed, this time with the controversy surrounding the teaching of Intelligent Design in public schools. The proponents of this alternative â€Å"theory† to the origins of life claim that they have been silenced by the Darwinian establishment and support integrating their ideas

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Position of Women In Southeast Asia

Question: Discuss about thePosition of Women In Southeast Asia. Answer: Introduction: The essay highlights the position of women in the South East Asian countries like Singapore and Indonesia. There has been considerable improvement in the South East Asian countries in terms of industrialization and modernization after their independence. It was always understood that educating women is one of the tools to embark development in a region. Building national unity and creating a better education system that shall benefit the country, came out to be of primary importance. In respect to this context, it became necessary to embark on the fact that the women of the country should get proper education. In the view point of Joseph and Cynthia (2000), educating women helps to improve the economic and the financial condition of the society because an educated woman will provide positive implication in the labour force of a country. In case of South Asian countries, development of women became a special agenda in developing the nation. Several approaches were made to make improvements in the education system of girl child and opportunities were opened for them to go to schools (Lim Peng, 2016). The aim of the report is to investigate the positive synergies that are important to understand the approaches made to create a positive linear relationship between education and other social norms like economic or social improvement or political empowerment among the women of the country with respect to the boys or men. A detail analysis of the factors that affect the education of men and women in the regions of Southeast Asian countries will be taken into consideration. Gender Implications of the Education Policies in Southeast Asia: Reading Booth and Anne, (1999), it has been observed that educating girls has a better impact on the society compared to the boys. Therefore, the return gained from educating a girl is higher than that tended from a boy. However, it has been found that women are gradually dragged into the labour force depending upon the skills of the women. There have been other changes as well with respect to family planning or marriage of women. It was then considered as the beginning of the modernization, industrialization and on a large aspect globalization. As commented by Falkus and Malcolm, (2000), that the improvement of a nation is not possible without the contribution of women or girls in the society because they are a major and important part of any country. It falls under the responsibilities of the government of a nation to think of the ways to improve the condition of women and increase gender equality in the nation (Joseph Cynthia, 2000). Several researches have been conducted in understanding the implications of girls education in the development of the society in terms of economic, political or on a whole on social sphere. In the view point of Frenzen, Paul and Dennis (1982), educating girls will entrap the construction of the gender identity and shall uphold the patriarchal approach of the society. Herz, Barbara and Sperling (2004) argued that there a number of questions that needs to be answered that shows the recent condition of women in the society. It is a common believe in the regions of Southeast Asian that the women are home maker and that they should be responsible to contribute towards the society by the means of taking care of others and not anything related to the jobs outside the domestic sphere because that is the responsibility of the men in the society. The increasing impact of the steps taken to increase the education among the females of the nation has shown an increase of 47% in the population aged between 25 and 34 years (Lim, 2015). The graduation rate has also increased by 15%. This has created a positive implication on the fact that the increasing rate is higher than that of the male in the country. Women are also entitled to gain other benefits as well like lifetime income facilities in case they have been able to gain proper education (Yeoh Huang, 1995). Apart from the monetary benefit, other benefits like proper health care, marriage prospects and productive investments in children also falls under the benefits gained by the women in the society. Situation in Singapore: If the educational scenario is considered, it has been found that the education system of Singapore have provided equal opportunities to girls and boys. This has certainly increased the female literacy rate and has improved the social and the economic condition of women in the society. In spite of these approaches, in the view point of Lim, Tan Tan, (2012), it has been stated that the age old preservation of women and patriarchal framework of the society has still remained. Improvements have been noticed in the labour force as well. Among the 2.12 million workforces in the Singapore, 1.18 million were males and 0.94 million were females (Sakellariou Chris, 2003). According to the statistical data of the Manpower Ministry of Singapore, it has been found that women labours are more likely to drop the workforce after a considerable time. 56% of the women in Singapore aged between 40 and 49 years worked in Singapore compared to the 76% of the women force in USA and 79% in UK (Ko, Teede Moran, 2016). Therefore, it can be said that the women participation is less in this country compared to other countries. In a recent online survey made by Accenture, it has been found that 74% of women in Singapore turned down their job because they are not able to balance their work and life together (Ko, Teede Moran, 2016). All these situations are clear response of the fact that there is still a kind of lacking in the women participation in the workforce. Situation in Indonesia: Gender stereotypes and barriers in the education system in the countries of Southeast Asia especially in Indonesia are highly recognized. Gender biasness is high in the education system in schools. Men always get priority in terms continuing their education in the higher level as well (Postlethwaite, Neville Thomas, 1980). The increasing inability as well as inefficiency of the education resource management creates a negative impact on the condition of women. However, increasing effort to improve the inefficiency of the education quality among the women or girls in the society might result in some fruitful impact on the society of these regions (Sakellariou, Chris (2003). There has been implementation of a number of governmental policies to improve the standard of education among the women. In Indonesia, it has been seen that generally the boys and girls are given equal attention and opportunities in the education centres (Yeoh Huang, 1995). In the view point of Huang and Yeoh, (2016,), boys and girls belonging to the rich families are given better chances and opportunities in the schools and colleges than those belong to the poor family. Improving the quality of the education shall not improve the condition of the situation as a whole. The Indonesian government in cooperation of the US government, improvement in the teaching and training skills to support the teaching life of the people can promote gender equality and open up the opportunity for the women to participate in the labour force that shall improve the economic and the social condition of the region (Hutchison Jenkins, 2013). Impact of Girls Education Compared to Boys Education on the Family and Communities Two women were interviewed for the purpose of understanding the practical implication of the education system made primarily to improve the situation of women in the society. One of them was Malay and the other was an Indian. It was found that the Malay girl used to live alone in Singapore. She was quite old about 56 years old and had a small book store to support her living. I was known from her that she used tom live in a joint family with few other cousins. Her family thus consists of both boys and girls. She said that it was during term when she was young education was not the primary important factor in her family. In fact, the boys of her family were encouraged to go to school and the girls were primarily meant to follow the culture and the discipline of the house. However, she also received education along with her other brothers. She further exclaimed that by the time she was grown up, she gained much education. In her early 20s she used to work in a book store and used to he lp the customers in selecting the books of their choice. Later, she took it up to her future venture and opened up a book store at a place near her home. She further added that she managed to support her family as well with the money she used to earn from the book store. When asked about other male members in her family, she said that there are a few members in her family or she is aware of who are not sufficient in their way in terms of both education and financial support. Another girl who was interviewed was an Indian who was born and brought up in Singapore. Her mother was from India and her father from Singapore. She had a younger brother as well. As per the girl, she never faced any kind of discrimination in terms of being a girl. She and her brother used to attend the same school. She had recently completed her graduation and is now working as an assistant teacher in a private school. She has been earning good enough to support herself. When asked what her achievement in her life is, she exclaimed that although she has never been denied of having anything in life and all her demands and needs are fulfilled by her parents, yet she feels a different joy being independent and the way she supports herself. About her brother, she said that her brother is young and he is in his high school at present. They share a loving relationship in their life being with the members together. With this analysis, it can be easily said that in case of interviewing the first woman it was understood that a little education among the women is more beneficial than educating a boy. In case of the first woman, it can be assumed that she was very little educated but she used her educational qualification to become independent and support herself as an independent women. It can be further said that educating a women will bring better result in the society compared to the boys. On the other hand, from the information gathered by interviewing the second girl, it can be said that in the recent time, people are not discriminating between a boy and a girl and the parents themselves support the education of their children. Therefore, it can be said that the situation is changing and people are aware of the importance of educating both boys and girls. Moreover, as commented by the girl herself, education helps a person to become independent and well aware of the changing society and be ab le to cope with the challenges at any point of their life. Educating women is indeed necessary in a society where the society is demanding equality in the society. Major steps have to be taken to boost participation of women to join the workforce and contribute in the development of the nation both in terms of economy and on a social perspective as well. In spite of the fact that the women are interested to join the work force, there arise a number of situations when women preferred part time job and do not opt for full time work and participate completely on the work force (Christiani et al., 2015). Analysis of the Changing Demographic Landscape of Countries in Southeast Asia as women Gain Higher Level of Education Educational issues have been in the limelight among the Southeast Asian countries. A number of policies have been undertaken to improve the system of education and reduce the educational disparities in these underdeveloped and developing regions (Hutchison Jenkins, 2013). South Asian Nations in spite of having differences in terms of the political systems, ideologies or development policies, they share a common view towards their education system (Koning et al., 2013). With the increasing competition and impact of globalization, focusing on the changes of educational system became one of the primary important issues among the governmental policies of these nations. In 2007, a closer cooperation in terms of education system and human development was recognized and focus had been made on improving the education system of the countries (Fechter, 2016). Examination system revealed a combination of the education policies of Australia, Japan, Korea and Singapore as well. 21st century has presented unique and significant changes in terms of its economy, interdependencies, technology for all countries around the world. Same impact has been found in the South Asian regions as well. It has been observed that there have been significant changes in the geo-political scenario of the countries of these regions (Hutchison Jenkins, 2013). There have been considerable changes in the demography of Southeast Asia due to migration. About 50% of the migrants come from the regions like India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka compared to the rest of the population from Indonesia. As commented by Hayati, (2013), the increasing mobility of the labour force across these nations has compelled to take steps to alter the educational system of these regions. The emerging challenges and opportunities have important implications in the decision of education policy making. This has shaped both the national and international education system. Government policies to encourage and help women to stay in the labour force, and become active contributors in economic growth of the nation were seen (Lindberg Jtting, 2016). Focus has been made greatly on the education system to educate women of the nation. Economically, it can be said that in the past two decades there has been considerable growth in the economy of the Asia-Pacific regions and the regions are considered to have a considerable growth in the future as well. Per capita income and the GDP have been increased by 35% as well (Darmadi, 2013). However, there the situation is changing due to the ageing population and the needs for proper education policies. The countries are moving to more knowledge based and creative economies rather than the old implication on the education policy. Climatic changes have also affected the policies undertaken by the government (Lindberg Jtting, 2016). The Southeast Asian regions have been drastically affected the regions there making it the most vulnerable regions in the globe (Lincove Arnold, 2008). Therefore, it has become an important factor to create prevention, preparedness and mitigation to responds the drastically changing situation in these regions. Geographically, the South Asian cou ntries are interconnected with each other and this has facilitated greatly in strengthening the development and educational impact on the society. In case of the Southeast Asian countries like Singapore and Indonesia there have been introduction of a number of legal policies as well to ensure the increasing education among the women in the society. The policies have set clear goal or vision about the planning, monitoring and the management policy that has to be undertaken for a continuous improvement in the society (Lindberg Jtting, 2016). The Convention of the Rights of the Child has committed to provide free educational rights to children and women (Pong Suet-Ling, 1995). These regulatory serve the rights of the citizen to education and have proposed free education to the children up to a certain minimum age. The financial account has shown that 14.7% of the government expenditure has been spent on education (Sakellariou Chris, 2003). Most of the schools have supportive programs for the girls to address specific issues related to the students. The schools provide supplementary programs to address specific issues such as po verty and the incapability of students to pay their fees or the remoteness of their home from the schools. These planning are long term and it depends on the management of the schools to tackle the situations to combat any kind of negative impact on the quality of education provided to the students (Herz, Barbara Sperling, 2004). Conclusion: The overall discussion has created a positive implication in understanding the impact of education of women in the Southeast Asian society. The opportunities provided by the government of the nation have opened up the horizon for the women to become a part of the society in its development. With the considerable increase in the education of women, there has been improvement in the femininity of the society. The opportunities given by the government has motivated the women to come out of their home and become an integral part of the development of society. Approaches made to suppress the embedding gender ideology have contributed in pragmatic national development. It can be said that despite the approaches made to increase the benefits to the college education or improvement in the status of equality, women are yet to catch the full benefits that are gained by the men in the society. More funding or better approach to improve the situation of women in the society might help to benefit the women in these societies and increase the opportunity for the women to participate in the economic and the social development of the society. The government of these countries might expand a number of courses and educational institutes as well to facilitate the women education. The companies should be willing enough to recruit women depending on their qualification and ability to contribute in their respective jobs. Moreover, women should also have the option of selecting from a wide range of jobs to best fit their career aspirations. A continuous financial assistance and relive of the burden that the women have to suffer in the regular course of their life shall help to improve the condition of women in the society. Reference List: Booth Anne (1999) Evaluation and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: Myths and Realities. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 16(3): 290-306. Christiani, Y., Byles, J., Tavener, M., Dugdale, P. (2015). Socioeconomic related inequality in depression among young and middle-adult women in IndonesiaÃâ€" ³ s major cities.Journal of affective disorders,182, 76-81. Darmadi, S. (2013). Do women in top management affect firm performance? Evidence from Indonesia.Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society,13(3), 288-304. Falkus, K. Malcolm, L. (2000) The Development of a Female Wage Labour Force in Thailand. Asian Studies Review, 24(2): 175-193. Fechter, A. M. (2016).Transnational lives: expatriates in Indonesia. Routledge. Frenzen, Paul D. Dennis P. Hogan (1982) The Impact of Class, Education, and Health Care on Infant Mortality in a Developing Society: The Case of Rural Thailand. Demography, 19(3): 391-408. Hayati, E. N. (2013). Domestic violence against women in rural Indonesia: searching for multilevel prevention. Herz, Barbara Gene Sperling (2004) What Works in Girls' Education Evidence and Policies from the Developing World. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press https://www.cfr.org/education/works-girls-education/p6947 Hill, M. Anne Elizabeth King (1995) Womens education and economic well-being. Feminist Economics, 1(2): 21-46. Huang, S., Yeoh, B. S. (2016, February). Maids and ma'ams in Singapore: Constructing gender and nationality in the transnationalization of paid domestic work. InGeography Research Forum(Vol. 18, pp. 22-48). Hutchison, K., Jenkins, F. (Eds.). (2013).Women in philosophy: what needs to change?. Oxford University Press. Joseph Cynthia (2000) Researching Teenage Girls and Schooling in Malaysia: Bridging Theoretical Issues of Gender Identity, Culture, Ethnicity and Education. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 21(2): 177-192. Ko, H., Teede, H., Moran, L. (2016). Analysis of the barriers and enablers to implementing lifestyle management practices for women with PCOS in Singapore.BMC Research Notes,9(1), 311. Koning, J., Nolten, M., Rodenburg, J., Saptari, R. (2013).Women and households in Indonesia: cultural notions and social practices. Routledge. Lim, L. Y. (2015). Beyond gender: The impact of age, ethnicity, nationality and economic growth on women in the Singapore economy.The Singapore Economic Review,60(02), 1550020. Lim, L. Y. Peng, H. (2016) The Leadership and Advocacy Roles of Hedwig Anuar and Her Sisters in Promoting School Librarianship in an Emerging Multilingual School System in Post- colonial Singapore, 1960 1985. School Libraries Worldwide, 22 (1): 32-48. Lim, S. L., Tan, W. C., Tan, L. K. (2012). Awareness of and attitudes toward congenital cytomegalovirus infection among pregnant women in Singapore.International Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics,117(3), 268-272. Lincove, I. Arnold, J. (2008) Growth, Girls Education, and Female Labor: A Longitudinal Analysis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 41(2): 45-68. Lindberg, C., Jtting, J. (2016). Gender, Globalisation and Economic Development in Asia.Border Crossings: Grenzverschiebungen und Grenzberschreitungen in einer globalisierten Welt,42, 135. Pong, K. Suet-Ling, T. (1995) Access to Education in Peninsular Malaysia: Ethnicity, Social Class and Gender. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 25(3): 239- 252. Postlethwaite, Neville, T Murray, R. (eds) (1980) Schooling in the ASEAN Region: Primary and Secondary Education in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Sakellariou, M. Chris, J. (2003) Rates of Return to Investments in Formal and Technical/Vocational Education in Singapore. Education Economics, 11(1): 73-87. Yeoh, B.S.A. Huang, S. (1995) Childcare in Singapore: Negotiating Choices and Constraints in a Multicultural Society, Womens Studies International Forum, 18: 445-61. Yeoh, B.S.A., Huang, S. Gonzalez III, J. (1999) Migrant female domestic workers: debating the economic, social and political impacts in Singapore, International Migration Review, 33(1): 114-36.

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Some of My Fondest Memories free essay sample

One of the first  best childhood memories  I really remember is the garden my father had in our backyard, vegies behind the garage to the left and a fruit garden to the right in front of the back fence. Down the right side bordering the fence were several trees, one of them being a plum tree. Right at the back of the property my father had build a three sided hut in which we could sit and have afternoon tea and where we could play all sorts of games in shelter from sun or rain. My brother and sister, or perhaps it was my Dad, helped me (or maybe I helped them) build a tree house in the first tree in that stand on the right side and we used to climb up there and hide away from the world. We were rich in that we had fresh vegetables in a huge garden behind the garage, we had black and red currants, raspberries and gooseberries growing on the right side of our backyard and Dad had arranged with someone who owned a bare section down the road from our house to be able to use it for growing sweet-corn, which he sold at the gate as well as us being able to eat all we wanted of that fresh sweet corn! And in the front of our house Dad had planted two sweet apricot trees which were our delight in summer! The neighbor grew a grapevine and kiwi-fruit vine on the boundary fence, of which we could help ourselves to any fruit that happened to grow on our side and there many that could be persuaded Oh my, all this talk of food is making me hungry all that good fresh food our parents worked to provide for us what a blessing!

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

At the Gates of an Environmental Holocaust essays

At the Gates of an Environmental Holocaust essays Big business is about to strike again. The biotech industry, in their on-going pursuit of the god almighty dollar, is about to create another casualty: the environment. Specifically, the environment will suffer dire consequences if the farming of genetically modified (GM) foods continues. Hundreds of thousands of altered organisms have already been planted, millions more are to come. Even though the biotech propaganda machine proclaims that it will be easy to maintain the segregation of altered seeds, two things will severely hamper their efforts. Mistakes are likely to be made, especially in the third world where the issues are not felt as keenly. Secondly, nature will have its say as winds blow GM pollen around the globe. As plants grow they require herbicides to kill weeds that would otherwise choke them. Many types of GM plants, with their uncanny ability to resist harm from certain herbicides, will allow farmers to use unrestrained amounts of herbicide with impunity. Annu al pesticide use statistics should tell the story, but the gene industry would have the public think otherwise with their foggy numbers claiming that in fact pesticide use is on a decline. As many know, plants will evolve. Though the GM crops may be identical season after season, weeds will, either though exposure to the herbicides or displacement of the herbicide-friendly gene, evolve to become superweeds. Thus requiring even stronger chemicals to waylay them. Worst still is the possibility that as hybrid plants spread throughout the world, biodiversity everywhere will be eroded or worse, destroyed. As these organisms are released into the environment, it becomes very difficult if not impossible to undo the damage when a side effect or flaw is discovered. Better that GM creators err on the side of caution. Then again the almighty dollar calls to them as cheese call to the rat. Proponents of the biotech industry have claimed in the past that ...

Friday, November 22, 2019

Battle of Nassau in the American Revolution

Battle of Nassau in the American Revolution The Battle of Nassau was fought March 3-4, 1776, during the American Revolution (1775-1783). In 1776, an American squadron commanded by Commodore Esek Hopkins descended on the Bahamas with the goal of capturing weapons and ammunition for the Continental Army. The first major operation for the newly-created Continental Navy and Continental Marines, the expedition arrived off Nassau in early March. Landing, American forces succeeded in capturing the island and a large cache of weapons, but some hesitation after coming ashore allowed the British to spirit away much of the islands gunpowder. Though the operation proved successful, Hopkins was later criticized for failing to achieve other assigned objectives and his performance during the return voyage. Background With the beginning of the American Revolution in April 1775, the Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, directed that the colonys supply of arms and gunpowder be removed to Nassau, Bahamas lest it be captured by colonial forces. Received by Governor Montfort Browne, these munitions were stored in Nassau under the protection of the harbors defenses, Forts Montagu and Nassau. Despite these fortifications, General Thomas Gage, commanding British forces in Boston, warned Browne that an American attack would be possible. In October 1775, the Second Continental Congress formed the Continental Navy and began purchasing merchant vessels and converting them for use as warships. The following month saw the creation of the Continental Marines under the guidance of Captain Samuel Nicholas. As Nicholas recruited men ashore, Commodore Esek Hopkins began assembling a squadron at Philadelphia. This consisted of Alfred (30 guns), Columbus (28), Andrew Doria (14), Cabot (14), Providence (12), and Fly (6). Hopkins Sails After taking command in December, Hopkins received orders from Congress Marine Committee which directed him to clear British naval forces from the Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina coast. In addition, they gave him some latitude to pursue operations that could be â€Å"most beneficial to the American Cause† and â€Å"distress the Enemy by all means in your power.† Joining Hopkins aboard his flagship, Alfred, Nicholas and the rest of the squadron began moving down the Delaware River on January 4, 1776. Battling heavy ice, the American ships remained near Reedy Island for six weeks before finally reaching Cape Henlopen on February 14. There, Hopkins was joined by Hornet (10) and Wasp (14) which arrived from Baltimore. Before sailing, Hopkins elected to take advantage of the discretionary aspects of his orders and began planning a strike against Nassau. He was aware that a large amount of munitions were on the island and that these supplies were badly needed by General George Washingtons army which was besieging Boston. Commodore Esek Hopkins. Public Domain   Departing Cape Henlopen on February 17, Hopkins told his captains to rendezvous at Great Abaco Island in the Bahamas should the squadron become separated. Two days later, the squadron encountered rough seas off the Virginia Capes leading to a collision between Hornet and Fly. Though both returned to port for repairs, the latter succeeded in rejoining Hopkins on March 11. In late February, Browne received intelligence that an American force was forming off the Delaware coast. Though aware of a possible attack, he elected not to take any action as he believed the harbor forts sufficient to defend Nassau. This proved unwise as Fort Nassaus walls were too weak to support the firing of its guns. While Fort Nassau was located near the town proper, the newer Fort Montagu covered the harbors eastern approaches and mounted seventeen guns. Both forts were poorly sited in regard to defending against an amphibious attack. Battle of Nassau Conflict: American Revolution (1775-1783)Dates: March 3-4, 1776Fleets Commanders:AmericansCommodore Esek HopkinsCaptain Samuel Nicholas2 frigates, 2 brigs, 1 schooner, 1 sloopBritishGovernor Montfort Browne110 men The Americans Land Reaching Hole-In-The-Wall at the south end of Great Abaco Island on March 1, 1776, Hopkins quickly captured two small British sloops. Pressing these into service, the squadron moved against Nassau the following day. For the attack, Nicholas 200 Marines along with 50 sailors were transferred to Providence and the two captured sloops. Hopkins intended for the three vessels to enter the port at dawn on March 3. The troops would then quickly land and secure the town. Approaching the harbor in the morning light, Providence and its consorts were spotted by the defenders who opened fire. With the element of surprise lost, the three vessels aborted the attack and rejoined Hopkins squadron at nearby Hanover Sound. Ashore, Browne began making plans to remove much of the islands gunpowder using vessels in the harbor as well as dispatched thirty men to reinforce Fort Montagu. Meeting, Hopkins and Nicholas quickly developed a new plan which called for landings on the eastern side of the island. Covered by Wasp, the landings commenced around noon as Nicholas men came ashore near Fort Montagu. As Nicholas consolidated his men, a British lieutenant from Fort Montagu approached under a flag of truce. When asked of his intentions, the American commander replied that they sought to capture the islands munitions. This information was conveyed to Browne who had arrived at the fort with reinforcements. Badly outnumbered, the governor decided to withdraw the bulk of the forts garrison back to Nassau. Pressing forward, Nicholas captured the fort later in the day, but elected not to drive on the town. Capture of Nassau As Nicholas held his position at Fort Montagu, Hopkins issued a proclamation to the islands residents stating, To the Gentlemen, Freemen, Inhabitants of the Island of New Providence: The reasons of my landing an armed force on the island is in order to take possession of the powder and warlike stores belonging to the Crown, and if I am not opposed in putting my design in execution the persons and property of the inhabitants shall be safe, neither shall they be suffered to be hurt in case they make no resistance.† While this had the desired effect of preventing civilian interference with his operations, the failure to carry the town on March 3 allowed Browne to embark most of the islands gunpowder on two vessels. These sailed for St. Augustine around 2:00 a.m. on March 4 and cleared the harbor with no issues as Hopkins had failed to post any of his ships at its mouth.The next morning, Nicholas advanced on Nassau and was met by the towns leaders who offered up its keys. Approaching Fort Nassau, the Americans occupied it and seized Browne without a fight. In securing the town, Hopkins captured eighty-eight cannon and fifteen mortars as well as variety of other much-needed supplies. Remaining on the island for two weeks, the Americans embarked the spoils before departing on March 17. Sailing north, Hopkins intended to make port at Newport, RI. Nearing Block Island, the squadron captured the schooner Hawk on April 4 and the brig Bolton the next day. From the prisoners, Hopkins learned that a large British force was operating off Newport. With this news, he elected to sail west with the goal of reaching New London, CT. Action of April 6 During the early hours of April, Captain Tyringham Howe of HMS Glasgow (20) spotted the American squadron. Determining from their rigging that the ships were merchantmen, he closed with the goal of taking several prizes. Approaching Cabot, Glasgow quickly came under fire. The next several hours saw Hopkins inexperienced captains and crews fail to defeat the outnumbered and out-gunned British ship. Before Glasgow escaped, Howe succeeded in disabling both Alfred and Cabot. Making the necessary repairs, Hopkins and his ships limped into New London two days later. Aftermath The fighting on April 6 saw the Americans suffer 10 killed and 13 wounded against 1 dead and three wounded aboard Glasgow. As news of the expedition spread, Hopkins and his men were initially celebrated and lauded for their efforts. This proved short-lived as complaints about the failure to capture Glasgow and the behavior of some of the squadrons captains grew. Hopkins also came under fire for failing to execute his orders to sweep the Virginia and North Carolina coasts as well as his division of the raids spoils. Commodore John Paul Jones. Hulton Archive / Stringer/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images After a series of political machinations, Hopkins was relieved of his command in early 1778. Despite the fallout, the raid provided much-needed supplies for the Continental Army as well as gave young officers, such as John Paul Jones, experience. Held prisoner, Browne was later exchanged for Brigadier General William Alexander, Lord Stirling who had been captured by the British at the Battle of Long Island. Though criticized for his handling of attack on Nassau, Browne later formed the Loyalist Prince of Wales American Regiment and saw service at the Battle of Rhode Island.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Indicators to Be Employed By Grant Donor Assignment - 1

Indicators to Be Employed By Grant Donor - Assignment Example Indicators of customer satisfaction include fast sale, increase in demand and receive new orders. Every business project is profit oriented and returns on capital employed stand as the main goal. That is why I consider that Finance perspective should focus on the cost control to ensure that in the long run income is more than the input. In a business process, the steps of what to do are provided to ensure that the end goal of profit making is achieved. It works with a target of minimizing cost so as to maximize returns. The ways of cost minimizing are wage cutting, reduction of advertising cost and reduction of employees. This is the level of deployment of the best practices an organization has defined for its Project Management process (Galliers & Leidner 2003). A lot of collaborative tools have to be designed in order to reach the recommended standard of Capability Maturity Model Integrated, a best practice framework for businesses dedicated to product development (Galliers & Leidner 2003). This part work with a clear set framework that covers areas like objectives, measures, target, and initiative. This gives everyone in the system a guide on what to do and the target goal is always indicated. For this case of study, I can bring out the best framework of a balanced scorecard as below. A balanced scorecard is used to evaluate the performance and future improvements of an organization. "Scorecard" signifies quantified performance measures in the process, financial performance, internal process, customers and learning, and growth. Balanced is an indicator showing if the system is balanced between short-term objectives and long-term objectives, financial measures and non-financial measures lagging indicators and leading indicators and internal performance and external performance perspectives (Goodpasture 2010).

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

HRM - Essay Example Most experts say that making proper job descriptions is a good starting point for companies like Crystal Waters Winery. The second phase revolves around effective retention, which involves adequate training where the employees are given room for personal growth and development. Training also has to follow a proper procedure otherwise training may become redundant and the company may not benefit from the training program (Fink, 1992). Crystal Water Winery has to understand that in order to remain competitive in the industry it will have to make a significant investment into its human capital. However, Jacques Terblanche has to ensure that investment is made in the right things. Introduction Crystal Waters Winery is expanding its operations and it wants to be able handle the additional workload that comes with this increase. To effectively manage all this, Crystal Waters Winery will have to hire more people in the HR, management, marketing and viticulture departments. However, they wil l have to go through various steps before actually hiring individuals. This process is known as Human Resource Planning. A human resource plan is a systematic process of matching the interests, skills and talents of individual community members with the long-term goals and economic opportunities in the community. The human resource plan brings out the long term strategic perspective of the organization and how it wishes to expand upon its repertoire within the relevant thick of things. It takes a keen look at the ways and means through which hiring mechanisms could be established and the numerous ways through which the organizational charter is manifested by the employees themselves. Among the various aspects that are covered by human resource planning the most important ones are: Determining the numbers to be employed at the new department/location Determining the functions of the current workforce Retention/promotion of current staff Removing any redundant functions / employees Fu ture outlook Human Resource Planning is important for every company when they want to be proactive and want to manage their human resources to take advantage of any opportunity in the future. The companies understand the organizational fluidity around skills held by the people. One of the major limitations of HRP is that it requires extensive information of the external labor market, data about current employees and how resources work in the organization. Crystal Waters Winery needs to understand the exact duties need that to be incorporated into the company’s operations and where it will get the human capital from. Through HRP Jacques Terblanche wants to find out how he can improve the performance of his company in the long run without drastically impacting profitability or sales. Demand planning is an integral starting point where the company must anticipate future demand for their product (Bertucci, 2006). Only if the demand is sustainable then it should start hiring new e mployees, if however the demand is declining then the management must focus on improvement and streamlining of the business processes. Job Analysis A good starting point for Jacques Terblanche would be to create an effective Job Analysis for all the positions for which he will be hiring. Job analysis is the study of competencies, and the emerging emphasis on considering other work-related about the work itself, the worker, the organization, and the

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Example for Free

Ethics and Legal Environment Essay Something’s Rotten in Hondo is a case wherein a plant manager, George Mackee, needs to decide whether to get rid of the charges inflicted by the Environmental Protection Agency or EPA or to move in Mexico. He is in a dilemma because if he would choose the former, he has very little chance of eliminating the problem since Bill, George boss, refuses to finance the cleaning of the smokestack. On the other hand, if he would choose the latter, he has to lay off his current employees and hire Mexican workers as a trade-off for not being reprimanded about the EPA standards. His boss leaves the decision up to him. The most obvious ethical concerns in this case are two-fold. The first one is that if George would choose the first option – that is to devise a strategy or a technique that would eradicate the problem with the fines imposed by EPA, he would have to follow what his contemporaries are doing – that is by scheduling the heavy emissions of smokestack during nighttime when the EPA is not in patrol. This entails that he would allow the severance of the environmental pollution (particularly air pollution) for the exchange of not paying any fines to EPA. On the contrary, if George would choose the second option – that is to relocate in Mexico, he would have to dismiss most of his current employees in place of the Mexican workers. And such would include the laying off of his friends and extended families. Furthermore, if he would choose the second option, he would be tolerant of the air pollution caused by the plant’s incapacity to reduce air pollutants. In effect, George has also eliminated the problem of the company on fines issued by EPA. Application of Ethical Theories The case presented in this paper suggests particular ethical problems. For this matter, the author presents two distinct ethical dilemmas for George to decide on: Should he decide to relocate the plant to Mexico or should he just follow the strategy used by his contemporaries? But before he could arrive to a decision, he must first analyze the pros and cons of his decision. If he would choose the former, he could really eliminate the problem with the imposition of fines by the EPA since Mexico assure him that it would not reprimand the plant whatever it does. The only thing is that he has to hire Mexican workers that which implies laying off of his present employees including his friends and extended families. Conversely, if he would agree with that proposal he would also have to bear the dreadful effects of the plant’s operations on the environment, particularly on U. S. Nonetheless, if he would choose the latter, he could also get rid of the problem with the fines imposed by EPA because of failure to meet its guidelines. However, he has to take so much risk by doing the same strategy being used by his contemporaries. In addition, he also has to endure the environmental effects of such strategy just to avoid being reprimanded again by EPA and his boss. Kantian Categorical Imperative If he would apply Kantian’s Categorical Imperative that is by doing his duty, he ought not to do the strategy utilized by his contemporaries (his first option). This is for the reason that he has a duty to protect the environment for both the present and future generations. Plus the fact that his workers have to suffer if he would fire them out of their works. Kant’s Categorical Imperative suggests two maxims in which a person could use to examine the morality of his action. The first maxim states that an action is morally right if one could make such action a universal law. This means that if one could make his action universal or applicable to all others by making it a rule then such action is morally accepted thus it is right. The second maxim, in contrast, focuses on the idea of always treating all human persons as ends and never as means to an end. This maxim argues that every human person has dignity to be respected and has rights as a human thus everyone must act in promoting others rights and not promoting harm to them On the other hand, Kant would not also choose the second option because it also implies environmental degradation. Though he avoids being fined by EPA as well as not even being reprimanded by EPA whatever their operation is, for Kant, he would fail to do the maxims under the Categorical Imperative. He could never make his action or decision as a universal law. Likewise, he would treat other people as mere instruments to achieve his goal by inflicting heath hazards due to smokestack emissions. Kant would suggest that George must never make a decision that would tend to harm the environment because such would also cause severe consequences to the people. As evident in the two options, both would result to the degradation of the environment. Thus, Kant would say that George decision, whichever of the two, would be unethical and morally wrong. Kant would recommend that George must be able to find ways that would not lead to the toleration of environmental pollution. For example, George could instead convince his boss that the only way to solve the problem that would not require him to sacrifice the welfare of the environment is to invest for new technologies that would lessen the emission of smokestack. And such would not even require new scrubbers. Such action is a long-term advantage for the company as well as for the environment. Mill’s Utilitarianism JS Mill’s Utilitarianism would even strengthen the position of not deciding on either of the two options since both would result to environmental pollution. Mill’s Utilitarianism is premised on the idea that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number. In other words, Utilitarian principle is mainly directed towards the social utility of an act. This means that if an action can benefit or inflict advantages to more people then such action is morally right. In the case of George, either of the two options would make him tolerate the harm done against the environment. Environment is an essential mechanism that is necessary for human survival. If he would choose the first or the latter option as his decision, he could save the company but inflict great harm to more number of people. Mill would say that George must devise a way in which he could settle the crisis in the company without sacrificing the environment because lots people, including him and his family, depend on the environment’s gifts. Thus, Mill would also recommend the same thing as Kant. Convince his boss by arguing that it is risky and detrimental to the environment if he would follow what his contemporaries are doing. If EPA would find out such underground activities, the company could even be sanctioned more than the imposition of fines. The same thing goes with the second option. If the government of U. S. would find out that the company’s operation cause harsh effects to their environment then there is a big possibility that U. S. would inflict undesirable measures against the company. Rights-based Theory on Decision-making The rights-based theories suggest that it is not always the case that the morality of an action is based on the great benefit that it can produce. At the same time, the rights-based theories do not solely advocate the respect of rights of human persons. These theories suggest that while everyone has a duty to recognize and value the rights of other people (negative rights); it is also everyone’s duty to promote for other’s goals (positive rights). In such manner, the contending ethical theories of Kantianism and Utilitarianism are reconciled in a way that both their concerns are being considered. In the first place, rights are inviolable. They are inalienable or cannot be taken away from human persons no matter what the situation is. Thus, there is no sufficient and rational reason to go against their rights without their consent. The rights-based theories are premised on the idea that every person has the right to choose on how he would like to live his own life. It is not only a person’s duty to respect these rights but also to promote the accomplishment of the goals of other people. By doing so, the rights defined earlier are more strengthen and more realized. In the case of Hondo, George, as a manager, has a duty towards the company. Still, he has duty towards other people. Choosing either of the two decisions would disrespect the rights and disregard the goals of these people. For the rights-based theories, such decision is unethical. The more appropriate way to solve the problem is for George to lend money from a bank so as to install new technology that would lessen the emission of smokestack. He does not really need to hire new scrubbers. By having new technology, for instance machines that clean smokestack, he would not have to result to environmental pollution. It is costly in the beginning but its benefits would be greatly appreciated in the long run. Justice-based Theories in Decision-making In justice-based theories, the overriding principle is focus on the idea of fair. According to John Rawls, the morality of an action can only be measured by appealing to the principle of justice. In his A Theory of Justice, he suggests two principles: liberty and wealth. The former is expressed to explain justice by saying that all must have an equal extent in which they can enjoy and practice their liberties. A least extensive curtailment of liberty is advocated on the condition that such would be shared by all. This entails that an act is right is the product of such act is amenable to all. Hence, justice, in such context, is morally right. In resolving the ethical dilemma faced by George, Justice-based theories would advice him to consider if his decision would be fair to all. Obviously, both options are not beneficial to all. And at the same time, these two options are not the only available options which George has. If he would employ either one of the two options, he would not be just; knowing that if he would be in the place of other people who depend on and survive through environment he would not also endure such nor be willing to agree with such idea. It could be the case that the he and the company are amenable to either of the two options. Nevertheless, others are not really disposed to accept such. Hence, George must not employ such decisions. For George, he could, instead, make control-strategies that would monitor and regulate the emission of smokestack before, during, and even after the plant’s operation in order to examine well the problems concerning the smokestack. Furthermore he could meet with his workers and discuss the problem. He may solicit suggestions on how they could lessen the pollution secreted by their plant onto the environment. After that, he may ask for support from banks by lending or getting loan. Kohlberg’s Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was from the line of Piaget who used moral framework to discuss the psychological development of a human person. His thesis on Moral Development suggests that there are six stages wherein a person passes through before he reaches the ultimate state of being a moral person. This theory will be used to show how Kohlberg’s method would help George in resolving his faced ethical dilemma. The first stage is focus on the idea that one person is initially instructed to obey laws such that he could avoid punishment. This is the primary conception on morality that a person has during his early years. With regards to the case presented in this paper, the appeal to laws and rules concerning environmental protection is the most obvious consideration for George’s decision. He would not decide either of the two options since both would make him violate the law regarding the protection of the environment. On the other hand, if he fails to solve the problem immediately, he might receive punishment from his boss (i. e. termination or demotion). The point is that which of the two punishments could George endure more? More likely than not, he would choose not be imprisoned than being demoted or terminated by his boss. The second stage suggests that every person has his own way of thinking which makes every topic or matter subjective to each person. The thing that works for someone or the thing that is considered right by someone may not be the same for another person. Thus, morality in this stage is relative. George could say that the least that he could that would benefit him and put him out of the dilemma that he is in is by either doing the first option or the second option. Both would mean resolution of his problem yet would cause damage to the environment. If he is a nature-lover he would not go for such decision. But if he is a money-lover, he would employ one of the two alternatives. The third stage is concern on the character in which a person thinks of ways on how he can do good things to the persons close to him (e. . family and friends). This means that his initial moral outlook is directed towards the things that he can do for the sake of his loved ones. In the case, if George is at this stage, he would be more inclined to decide and act so as to promote his family and friends’ welfare. Thus, if he would decide on his problem, he would not choose to relocate since his wife is not in favor of this idea and such will inflict great personal unhappiness to his friends who work in the plant.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Just A Label :: essays research papers

I agree with Sigmund Friend that one needs both purposeful works and meaningful love to be considered a success. According to the Webster’s New World College dictionary success is defined as â€Å"a result; outcome; a favorable a satisfactory outcome or result; something having such an outcome; the gaining of wealth, fame, rank etc; a successful person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the community, in which I live success, is based on materialistic thing, such as cars, jewelry and clothing. At my school, Metro High, amongst my friends, peers and faculty success appears to be defined as a goal in which one accomplishes. One sets a goal, one achieves that goal, and one reaps the rewards and benefits. Society along with the media has defined success by economics, power, and influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growing up, I have had the pleasure of being surrounded by influential, powerful and successful women. Two of the women I consider successful are my grandmother and my mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My grandmother, Ozell Roby White, was born December 3, 1925 in Durant, Mississippi. Grandma White is what we called her. I have always been impressed with her endurance and overcoming of obstacles she endured. She was a farm girl who got little education, but was always taught to love, pray, share and trust in God. She lived through the boycotts, the Civil Rights movement and the Great Depression. Grandma White was thirteen years old when she moves to St. Louis, Missouri. While in St. Louis she met my grandfather. They married and had thirteen children. My grandfather died on February 15. 1976 and Grandma has many young children at home to care for. It was not easy for her, but she always knew she could depend on God. She exercised her faith and did her very best, and that far exceeded most two-parent homes. People would ask her â€Å"Why did she have so many children?† Well next to God Grandma White loved her children and her children loved her. She was th ere for then, and they were there for her. She has a passion for cooking. Cooking was Grandma and Grandma was cooking. She seasoned food well, but in addition she would constantly state â€Å"a smiling face flavors a meal more than any seasoning can.† My grandmother was my idea of success; she was the one that kept the family together.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Grandma’s success is defined in Friend’s statement of â€Å"success being one who has achieved meaningful work and meaningful love.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Food Adulteration Essay

In our daily life there are so many unhygienic and contaminated things for our health. Most of our things our contaminated. Even the food, which we eat, is adulterated. Now a question arises that what is adulteration? The answer is that the deliberate contamination of food material with low quality, cheap and non-edible or toxic substances is called food adulteration. The substance, which lowers or degrades the quality of food material, is called an adulterant. Adulteration brings a lot of easy money for the traders, but it may spoil many lives. Food adulteration can lead to slow poisoning and various kinds of diseases, which can even result in death. Adulteration makes the food items used in our daily life unsafe and unhygienic for use. An easy example of food adulteration is vanaspati ghee in desi ghee. The traders use it for their economic benefit without thinking about its effect on the common population of our country, which consumes it. For preventing it our government has made some certain commissions and laws. Still it prevails in our country on large scale. Adulteration should be checked properly in common food items so as to save people from its bad effects. Adulteration is the government and we for the common people therefore something should do a type of curse against it. Types of Food Adulteration In India, the most common type of food adulterations is of following types: 1. Milk :- It is adulterated by the addition of water, starch, skim milk powder and removal of cream. 2. Ghee :- It is adulterated with vanaspati and animal fats such as pig’s fat. In order to improve the flavor of adulterated ghee tributyrin is added. 3. Cereals :- Rice and wheat are mixed with stones sand grit and mud to increase the bulk. 4. Flour :- Wheat flour is mixed with soapstone and Bengal gram flour is adulterated with Kesari dal or lathyrus flour. 5. Pulses :- They are adulterated with Kesari Dal stones are added to pulses such as mott urad, and masoor. Toxic chemical such as metanil yellow are added to old stocks of pulses to improve their colour appearance. 6. Edible Oil :- They are mixed with cheaper oil, toxic oil (e.g. argemone oil) and mineral oil. 7. Honey :- It is adulterated with sugar and jaggery. Material required 1. Glass Wares : †¢ Test Tube, Beaker, Slides 2. Food Samples. †¢ Ghee, Milk, Oil, Pulses samples. 3. Chemical Required †¢ Conc. HCl., Conc. Nitric Acid. 4. Test Tube stand. Procedure for detection the Adulteration in the food Items Adulteration in the food material can be detected in the following ways. 1. Vanaspti in Ghee :- Took one tea spoon full of liquid ghee. Added equal quantity of conc. HCl shook this mixture in a test tube. Now added a pinch of common sugar. Shook it well for about one minute and then allowed it to stand for 5 minute and observed the result. 2. Water in milk sample:- Put a drop of sample milk on a plain slide. Tittled  the slide and observed the result. 3. Agremone oil in edible oil :- Took some amount of edible oil in a test tube. Poured 3-4 drops of conc nitric acid. Shook it well and observed the result. 4. Metanil yellow in Dal :- Took 5 gms of sample. Add 5ml of water and a few drops of dil. HCl and observed the result. Observation Table-A:- Detection of vanaspati in ghee Sr.No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Ghee A Sample+Conc. + + + HCl + Sugar Crimson colour in lower layer of the mixture 2. Ghee B -do- + + 3. Ghee C -do- – Table-B:- Detection of water in Milk Sr.No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Milk A Sample on a + plain slide + titled the slide 2. Milk B -do- + + 3. Milk C -do- + + + Table-C:- Detection of metanil yellow in dal Sr.No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Pulse A 5gm of sample + + + 5ml of water + Pink colour Conc. HCl appearance 2. Pulse B -do- – 3. Pulse C -do- – Table-D:- detection of Argemone oil in edible oil Sr.No. Sample Procedure Observation 1. Edible Oil A 5 ml Sample + + + + 3 drops of Reddish Brown conc. HNO3 colour 2. Edible Oil B -do- + + 3. Edible Oil C -do- + Conclusions In Table A [Detection of Vanaspati in Ghee] Ghee A : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. Ghee B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Ghee C : It gives negative test, hence is not adulterated. In Table B [Detection of Water in Milk] Milk A : It gives positive test to small extant hence is least adulterated. Milk B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Milk C : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. In Table C [Detection of Metanil Yellow in Dal] Pulse A : It gives positive test, hence is adulterated. Pulse B : It gives most negative test, hence is not adulterated. Pulse C : It gives more negative test, hence is not adulterated. In Table D [Detection of Argemone Oil in Edible Oil] Edible Oil A : It gives most positive test, hence is most adulterated. Edible Oil B : It gives more positive test, hence is more adulterated. Edible Oil C : It gives positive test to small extent, hence is least adulterated.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Senior Privileges

In the past, my high school gave more privileges to the seniors, although they have taken the privileges away from the seniors every year one by one. Currently, the only privileges seniors have over the underclassmen are leaving five minutes early for lunch and having the senior courtyard for lunch. We believe seniors should have more privileges or benefits than the school gives to us. After EHS took away senior privileges like going off-campus for lunch and leaving class five minutes early, students rebelled and started to sneak out for lunch saying they have Career Center or GHS third block. Although the administration started to notice the students coming back after thirty minutes, the students started to be dismissed to continue going off-campus for lunch. The problem with not leaving class early is that students began sneaking out of class and detention numbers increased because sneaking out is not allowed. The senior class can relate to this issue and would like to go off-campus for lunch and leave class five minutes early. The future upcoming seniors would also like the same privileges. The current seniors have looked forward to senior benefits since being a freshman. By the time the freshmen class finally reached senior status all of the privileges the previous seniors had gained were taken away due to misjudgment and carelessness. The administration’s defense is that the seniors’ of previous classes disregarded safety concerns. Although high school students normally disregard the administration’s safety concerns one of the purpose of being a senior is to understand safety before they enter the real world. Although safety is a current issue we believe seniors are capable of being careful and influencing the underclassmen of being cautious. EHS may be responsible for the students during the day; we believe that students and parents can sign a permission slip where if the student gets in a wreck while out for lunch then EHS will not be responsible for any injuries. We believe seniors understand that going out for lunch is a privilege and if there are any complaints or problems the student’s privileges can will revoked at any point of time. We believe senior privileges can be taken away if senior abuses their privileges then they will have their privileges taken. Although previous classes have acted in a way that they would have been revoked eventually the administration should consider giving privileges back to seniors. We believe having senior benefits will cut down on the discipline issues EHS may have to deal with. EHS should offer more senior privileges than mentioned above. We think administration could add a few more benefits for seniors such as having a free period during the day, if the senior has A’s and B’s they could leave campus for the period. Although it would be mandatory for students to receive permission by parents and for the students to sign out when they leave campus and back in when they come back on campus for the rest of the day. For students that do not have the required grades and permission they can use the period to study and bring up their grades to earn the right to go off campus for the period. Our idea is right because it helps rebelling out of the schools and it will slim down the discipline issues of the seniors. It will also help the seniors prepare for college or the working world next year.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

The Importance of Formal Writing

The Importance of Formal Writing Because of the dramatic changes in writing that have resulted since the advent of the Internet and mobile devices, the lines between formal writing and casual writing have blurred. For example, when writing an email to a friend or posting to a social networking site, it is acceptable to use informal writing. However, in other cases, such as when writing a business report, an email to a boss, or a thesis, the writing style must be more formal. Thus, it is important to identify your audience and the appropriate style of writing to use by keeping in mind what you are writing and to whom. This article will discuss some guidelines for formal writing.Emoticons should never be usedFirst of all, it is never acceptable to use emoticons, including smiley faces, sad faces, winks, etc. Never. I suggest finding another way to tell your boss you are very happy about your raise or you may be finding another job!Use proper spellingUse correct spelling all of the time. This includes avoiding short fo rms and only using words that are found in the dictionary. When in doubt, look it up. This means that you must write tonight instead of 2nite and because instead of bc. The shortened versions are just too informal. In addition, informal spelling is often difficult to decipher.Use proper punctuationUnless you want to sound like an overly excited teenager writing a text message, you should limit yourself to one exclamation point, regardless of how excited you might be when writing a sentence. The same applies to question marks and to the ellipsis (which should have only three dots). In addition, you should also void the ampersand (); write out the word and.Use full wordsContractions are appropriate only for conversational use and for informal writing, never for technical or formal writing. Note that the full form of cant is one word: cannot not can not. You should also avoid using abbreviated words such as TV and photo and use the full versions such as television and photograph.Avoid using colloquial words/expressionsInformal writing might utilize nouns like:contraptionfirekidhow comequoteA formal writer would prefer:devicedismisschildwhyquotationInformal writing may sound more like conversation while formal writing should be more polished.Avoid using first and second person pronounsFormal writing often tries to be objective, and the pronouns I and you tend to imply subjectivity. Instead, use words such as one, ones, the reader, the authors, etc. For example:Informal: You should sleep eight hours each night.Formal: One should sleep eight hours each night.Avoid the use of clichà ©sIn order to ensure that your writing is professional, you need to use a basic language that all English speakers will understand. Therefore, do not use clichà ©s or idioms that people may not understand. There are certainly much better ways of expressing your thoughts. Clichà ©s are perhaps the most common hallmark of informal writing. Rather than saying someone had a cow, just simpl y say they were very upset. The reader will still get the picture. Here are some more examples of clichà ©s to avoid:Good things come to those who wait.Never a dull moment.Writing on the wall.Calm before the storm.Do not write as you would speakSo, like, you know, I totally dont even do that OMG! To ensure you are maintaining a formal tone, you need to leave out words and phrases that are not essential to conveying your point. For example, avoid using well, like, for sure, you know, and similar phrases.Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunctionIn formal writing, do not use coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, so, or or to start a sentence. Coordinating conjunctions are meant to join words, phrases, and clauses and, therefore, it is awkward to begin a sentence with one. Consider attaching the sentence that starts with a coordinating conjunction to the previous sentence, substituting the period for a comma to produce a compound sentence. You can also use transitio nal adverbs such as:additionally or moreovernevertheless or howevertherefore or thusalternatively or instead or otherwiseAvoid using the word getTry to avoid all forms of this verb and replace it with a more formal, descriptive verb. For example:Informal: I got an A in the course.Formal: I received an A in the course.Informal: She didnt get the joke.Formal: She did not understand the joke.Informal: The machine never gets used.Formal: The machine is never used.Familiarize yourself with formal writingOne of the best ways to become familiar with formal writing is to read it. Newspapers, magazines, business reports, and journal articles are great sources of formal writing. They can also help you expand your vocabulary.ProofreadIf your e-mail to a friend has a small typographical error, it is likely not a big deal. However, a typographical error in an e-mail to your boss appears very unprofessional. Therefore, proofreading is an integral part of formal writing. This often involves revisi ting a document after some time has passed since you wrote it or printing out the document and reviewing it line by line. Alternatively, you can ask a peer to review it.Finally, the above-referenced examples illustrate just some of the differences between formal and informal writing. The main thing to remember is that both are correct, it is just a matter of tone and setting. As you can see in this article, I have attempted to walk the fine line between both formal and informal.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Kroger Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kroger - Essay Example The exact number and details pertaining the businesses discussed above is as follows: (i) The company owns two thousand six hundred and forty one grocery retail stores all across 34 states in America. The stores are in formats that include multi-department stores supermarkets, supercenters and price-impact warehouses. All these stores contain all national brands and other merchandise (Operations). (iv) It operates 38 manufacturing plants that process food substances. This forms one the largest string of private manufacturers in the country. The companys private products manufacturing plants are thirty-seven in number operating in seventeen states (Operations). The company practices sustainability measures to ensure that it keeps up with the environmental standards. In addition, the operations conserve energy usage in all the sectors. Such measures have reduced energy usage in the retails distributed throughout the country (2013 Sustainability report). For the company to sustain a quick and steady growth it needs to follow the following measurers. It needs to improve the execution of the company infrastructure. A good infrastructure would maintain the management of a large company with distributions throughout the country. To achieve this form of infrastructure network, the firm should do away with departmental silos, using performance drivers that conform with the strategy at hand, and finally grooming leaders at all levels in the different outlets. Having well trained leaders facilitates good management in the whole company. For a firm with several branches such as this, it is advantageous to have leaders heading for the same goal to facilitate good growth (THREE STRATEGIES FOR ACHIEVING AND SUSTAINING GROWTH ). The second stage is identifying and implementing strategies that would be fruitful to the growth of the firm. To implement this, the first things is to concentrate in the core business. The

Thursday, October 31, 2019

What is a network Discuss the advantages of using a network, and Essay

What is a network Discuss the advantages of using a network, and briefly explain the main types of networks - Essay Example Instead, all computers in a network can be connected to a single printer such that users can access it from their work stations. This helps to minimize costs, time wastage as well as protecting the machines from contracting computer viruses, which may be spread through the use of removable storage devices to transfer documents (Newman, 2010). There are various types of networks which include and not limited to; local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN) (Wetherall, 2010). Computers and other hardware in a LAN are connected within a short geographical distance, for example a building, a hospital or a school, through the use of guided media i.e. cables. If numerous LANs are interconnected within a wide geographical area such as across continents then, they form a Wide Area Network. The internet is an example of a WAN as it facilitates connectivity between users throughout the world regardless of their geographical location. On the other hand MAN is an interconnection of several LANs within a geographical location smaller than that of WAN. This type of connectivity can be found within an area for example a city or a town (Wetherall,

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Economic Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic - Coursework Example Primarily they concentrate on the production of cigarettes however they also produce cigarillos, roll your own or pipe tobacco and smokeless snus. The production of tobacco results in a lot of unintended outcomes of production also known as externalities. A lot of these resulting externalities are negative. According to N. Gregory Mankiw- A, a negative externality is an action of a product on consumers due to which negative side effects on a third party result. British American Tobacco produces several negative externalities. Some of these are significant damage to the environment, reduction in economic productivity, pollution, a contribution to world hunger and a exorbitant health care costs that society and not the tobacco industry pays as a result of their products (Babere K. C.) Tobacco leafs that are plucked at tobacco farms, that British American Tobacco owns throughout the world, basically constitutes to the first step in the production process. A huge amount of manual labor i s required for this process. Tobacco farms in Milawi, where British American Tobacco dominates the market alone has over 78,000 laborers most of which are children. This constitutes to a negative externality for BAT in terms of child labor. As an effect of handling this tobacco leafs these children, according to The Learning Economist, suffer from symptoms of green tobacco sickness or nicotine poisoning. Deforestation resulting from clearing space for tobacco plantations is another negative externality. Also water used in growing the tobacco has a high level of pesticide applied to it which affects water supplies adversely contributing to a adverse environment implication. Tobacco is stored in giant silos after it is cut before starting the process of manufacturing. These silos occupy a large amount of space. This in terms results in a negative externality as they replace prime land from food production and hence contributing to world hunger. John Madley notes that tobaccos minor us e of land in Hong Kong alone control denies 10 to 12 million people of food leaving the government to bear the cost of food imports. When processed tobacco lea arrives at factories it is blended with other ingredients such as flavorings or expanded tobacco. The blended tobacco is treated with the right amount of steam and water to make it supple before it can be cut into cigarettes (Fondez, Web). Although much of the cigarette making is now undertaken by machines as plants are heading towards being more automated however if laborers are over exposed to this part of the production process it can result in symptoms such as severe headaches, abdominal pain, coughing and breathlessness contributing to additional health care costs. The excess use of machinery also leads to the negative externality in shape of excessive electricity used for the purpose of running the manufacturing silos. Once produced these packing machines wrap these cigarettes after which they are moved to a holding sil o’s before being shipped off to the distribution channels. Wood in shape of paper is also a natural resource which is depleted due to the cigarette manufacturing process with one unit requiring 4 miles of paper being consumed in an hour for rolling and packaging cigarettes. Furthermore the chemical wastes dumped into the soil which damages the fertility levels of the dumping area (Ygoy, Web). According to N. G. Mankiw-B, the government’s primary response to externalities can be categorized into two ways; the first of these aims to

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Discussing Principles of Universal Healthcare in the NHS

Discussing Principles of Universal Healthcare in the NHS The NHS was set up in 1948 in response to illness and poverty within the UK brought on by the Second World War. The vision was that the NHS would provide healthcare that is universal, comprehensive and free at the point of delivery (Klein 2004). This would suggest that the NHS would treat everyone regardless of class, origin, financial status and illness and free it would be free to all. This essay will discuss these principles with reference to current NHS policy. The inception of the NHS was influenced by the release of the Beveridge Report in 1942 (Ham, C. 2009, pp.13-14). This report suggested that there were large amounts of sickness and ill health within communities following the war and formed the notion that a service providing healthcare to the whole population without charge would reduce sickness and ill health. Beveridge (1942) also stated that as health in the UK increased the money required to fund the NHS would reduce and people would live in a healthier society with healthier workforces. However, what the Beveridge Report (1942) did not account for was the rise in life expectancy and the consequent rise in demand on NHS. As a result, instead of the expense of the NHS decreasing as suggested in the Beveridge report (1942) the opposite happened. This is identified in the Office of Health and Economics (2008) paper titled Sixty years of NHS expenditure and workforce and shows that the NHSs expenditure in its first year was  £447 m illion in contrast to the year 07/08 where its expenditure is estimated to be  £114,541 million. Dixon et al (1997) points out the fact the NHS experiences many demands in demographics, new technologies, and increasing expectations which lead to the increase in expenditure of the NHS that is not attainable even with increases in funding. This suggests that the ability to provide a comprehensive service is jeopardised in that if the NHS does not have the funding to sustain itself it questions how the NHS can keep up with expensive and continuously advancing medicine. Furthermore, with the expenditure the NHS requires to function effectively the ability to provide healthcare free at the point of delivery becomes vulnerable. Even the NHS Choices website states that not all healthcare is free as we have to pay for optical, dental, and for some people prescription charges. The argument presented is that exceptions to the principle free at the point of delivery, regardless if everything else is free, is a clear indicator that it is no longer free and therefore should not be regarded as such. However, The Institute for Innovation and Improvement attempts to provide some solutions to vast expenditure allowing the savings made to be utilised elsewhere in the health service. In their publication Prevention is better than cure suggests that prevention is more cost effective than treatment itself and points out, initiatives should aim to reach out to people to educate, advise and motive them to assist preventing them having complications later in life. An example of a prevention strategy is the smoking cessation service that can be accessed by anyone at GP surgeries and pharmacies (NHS Choices, no date). This illustrates organisations attempting to find ways to reduce later life complications and effectively reduce expenditure caused by these complications. The money saved from these interventions can be spent on more services to move towards a more comprehensive health service and also prolonging the funding required to provide these services free at the point of delivery. The Griffiths report (1983) provided Thatcher government with grounds to introduce general management and their Ring Wing ideology of internal markets and privatisation into the NHS (Ham, C. 2009, pp.32-39). The Griffiths report (1983) identified that the NHS was failing to use its resources effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the report suggested that the NHS required general managers to be appointed within the NHS structure. According to the report these managers would monitor budgets and cost effectiveness of the department, motivate staff, and to lead the department to continually look to improve the service. Furthermore, the Griffiths report (1983) pointed out the need for outsourcing to create competition. The Health Authorities outsource services with the reasoning that it would create competition and drive down the costs (Ham, C. 2009). Baggott (1997) evaluates the impact of the internal market. Baggott (1997) suggests that the purchasers of services were restricted due t o the budget in place and the providers were concerned with cutting cost. The article suggests that this resulted in a geographical difference in services provided and that some services that had been cut from the area were only provided on ability to pay privately. This goes against every founding principle of the NHS. The use of private companies within the NHS has continued with the Department of Health (2007) actually acknowledging this compromise on universalism in their publication Post code lottery of care that states that there is still unequal distribution of care dependant on the wealth of the area. However, on the positive side of things it means that the PCTs can invest in services which are needed by the local community instead of putting money into services unnecessarily. Furthermore, if the NHS services in an area does not provide a particular need of a patient but a nearby private establishment does the Labour government stated in their NHS 2000 plan that the private company could be used for that patient but paid for by the NHS (NHS plan 2000). Pollitt, C. et al (1991), produced a study regarding the effectiveness of the implementation of the Griffiths report recommendations from professionals within the NHS. The study by Pollitt, C. et al (1991) found that the general managers felt that they sometimes had to forget that there were patients in the hospital and push to drive to get long term patients back out into the community. This suggests that those patients requiring longer care are not getting a comprehensive service from the NHS in that their treatment time is not sufficient for their needs. Another drawback to the appointment of general managers was that they did not appreciate clinical matters which caused tensions and rifts to widen within the general management and clinician relationship (Pollitt, C. 1991, p.71). However, Ham,C. (2009) suggests that general managers have proved their worth in that they are necessary in order to implement, carry forward policies and push to meet targets and performance standards. W ith this in mind, it is important that health professionals beginning employment within the NHS are aware of the pressures regarding targets enforced by general managers. Health professionals will have to do their upmost to ensure that patients are getting the most out of the service before they are discharged in order to maintain a comprehensive service. The Black Report (1980) was an in-depth report into the inequalities between social classes in the UK. It clearly highlighted that people living in poverty had a higher mortality rate than the wealthier people in society. As a result, the Black Report (1980) suggested interventions to be put in place by the government in order to help these people improve their health status. The report suggested that the Government should make children and the disabled a priority and also that the Government should look to put in place preventative and educational strategies in place to assist in reducing inequalities in health. When this report was published the Thatcher Government were in power. Smith, T. (1990) states in his article that the Government rejected the proposals set out by the Black Report with their argument that the proposals were impractical and unachievable. Smith, T. (1990) also suggests that the Thatcher Government asserted their Right Wing ideologies that it is the peoples res ponsibility to look after their own health and not to expect the Government to intervene. Although this article is outdated it highlights how the Governments reaction was interpreted by the people at the time. Evidence of the Governments dismissal of the report is highlighted in Patrick Jenkins (Secretary of State for Social Services) foreword within the Black Report (1980). He clearly suggests that the proposals are unrealistic and clearly states that he will not endorse the proposals. Taking this into consideration it is clear that the Government at the time was not prepared to assist the poor in order to help them progress, improve their health, and improve their social status. As a result the inequalities between the wealthy and working class would remain. Considering these findings it is clear that the NHS and the Thatcher Government failed to provide a universal service. The issue of inequality was highlighted again in 1998 by the Acheson report following the Labour party being elected into power. This report illustrated many similarities to the Black report. The Labour government, with their intrinsic state intervention ideology, they set about tackling these inequalities rather than dismissing them (Bambra, C. et al 2005, p.190). It can be seen in the NHS plan (2000) that many of the inequality issues such as accessibility are being tackled within the NHS. Within the NHS plan (2000) there is a clear emphasis for health provisions to be moved out of the direct NHS setting such as GPs surgeries into the community to assist with accessibility. There are many health provisions in place that can be accessed at local pharmacies such as the minor ailments scheme, smoking cessation, weight loss programmes (NHS Choices, no date). NICE (2008) published a paper regarding the smoking cessation schemes in place in pharmacies. The paper suggests that pharmacies are more accessible for patients in deprived areas who possibly find accessibility difficult. Moreover, the paper suggests that pharmacies have the ability to treat a larger number of patients due to location and later opening hours. This is a clear demonstration of the Government actively putting policies in place to achieve the principle of a universal NHS by extending accessibility. As a result healthcare professionals may find themselves working in the community rather than in a hospital setting. Therefore, professionals such as physiotherapist may find themselves working in the community setting where there may not be the same equipment found in the hospital setting. Therefore, these professionals will need to adapt and find ways to achieve successful programmes without the assistance of expensive equipment. However it should also be noted that there is an underlying cost saving benefit for the Government when implementing community projects. Baqir (2011) has recently published a paper looking at the minor ailments scheme in place in the North East of England. Their results demonstrated an approximate saving of  £80,000 per annum as a result of the scheme. The study points out that the majority of this savings comes from freeing GP resources allowing GPs to focus their attention to more complex patients. It should be noted that this source may pose bias as it was funded by The School of Pharmacy, Health and Wellbeing who would obviously have a vested interest in the pharmacy sector gaining health contracts. In spite of these efforts to tackle inequalities in healthcare The Marmot Review (2010) demonstrates that these inequalities in health still exist today suggesting that the health initiatives and policies laid out by the Governments have not eradicated this issue bringing into quest ion the NHS principle of universalism. Old Labours Left Wing ideologies go against the internal market and privatisation created within the NHS by the Thatcher government (Ham, C. 2009, p.51). However, New Labour recognised that the integration of private companies within the NHS had some advantage (Ham, C. 2009, p.51). It is clear in the NHS plan (2000) that New Labour has moved further right from their left wing ideology and continues to allow the private sectors to have input into the NHS for the benefit of the NHS and the people using it. The plan suggests that the private sectors should work with the NHS and that the NHS should also be able to utilise its own expertise to provide the best possible healthcare to patients. In order for the NHS to become universal and free at the point of delivery the Government decided that if the NHS could not provide a particular service but a private hospital could the NHS would pay for the patient to be treated within the private hospital (NHS plan, 2000). This allows patients to r eceive their comprehensive treatment which they may not have been able to access previously without having to pay the private treatment costs. This clearly demonstrates the government working towards a comprehensive, universal, and free service which the NHS was founded upon. Nuffield Hospitals are an example of this in working practice. The website for Nuffield Hospitals state that NHS patients can be treated in these private hospitals paid for by the NHS. This is important for healthcare professionals working within private practices in that they should be aware that it is not always private paying clients that are treated in these hospitals. Furthermore, healthcare professionals in this environment must ensure they do not discriminate in these circumstances giving priority to paying clients. There are treatments being developed that the NHS is unwilling to provide patients as they are not cost effective. Under NICE guidelines, some drugs are just not cost effective enough to warrant funding on the NHS. NHS Choices (no date) clearly states that the NHS does not have unlimited money to spend on treatments and therefore they must decide which treatments are of benefit with regards to their cost and effectiveness and they depend on NICE to provide the evidence to base these decisions. This example highlights the criticism that the NHS is no longer comprehensive. However, with technology and research constantly moving forward and the formation of new but very expensive interventions it would be almost impossible to provide a comprehensive service that is equally distributed to all in need. The above example highlights the conflict between morals, in that the NHS attempts to provide for all eventualities however their funding restricts them in achieving this (NHS Choices, no d ate). The Foundation Trusts are a symbol of the Governments intentions to decentralise the health service as they are not regulated by the central government (Department of Health, 2005). The notion that these Trusts are free to do as they please with the tax payers money is worrying. However, this is not entirely true. They are monitored and inspected by the board of governors (Department of Health, 2005). The Foundation trusts aim is to provide healthcare to meet the populations needs whilst meeting the founding principles of the NHS (Department of Health, 2005). However, when analysing A Short Guide to NHS Foundation Trusts publication made by the Department of Health in 2005 there is no mention of two of the principles. The fact that the Foundation Trusts, who directly affect what services are available to the people of their area, do not consider two of the founding principles of comprehensiveness and universalism is highly significant in highlighting that these two principles are no longer at the forefront of the NHS services. In summary the NHS is no longer universal, comprehensive or free at the point of delivery. It is not universal due to the fact that different areas pick their own differing services so there is no consistency in what the NHS provides. It is not comprehensive because it fails to offer all treatments available due to lack of funding. It is not free at the point of delivery due to the charges placed upon dental, optical and prescriptions. This essay has pointed out that the NHS and Government does strive to achieve the NHSs founding principles however as a result of the expenditure rising year on year within the NHS it would appear that all three principles cannot be achieved collectively. As pointed out by the NHS choices website there is not enough funding to be able to provide every single treatment to everyone in need of it whilst it is still free of charge. Future recommendations would be that if the Government is unable to provide a treatment to all in need of it, it should not be licensed for supply either on prescription or privately. This compromises the comprehensive principle of the NHS but at least it is equal and fair to all regardless of social status. Furthermore, in order for the companies providing expensive treatment to keep business it would have to strive to lower the price of their services. As a result, this recommendation may have a positive effect on the comprehensiveness of the NHS. The main issue highlighted in findings of this essay is that all three founding principles cannot be achieved collectively. However, what is apparent throughout the evidence presented is that organisations are still striving to achieve the founding principles within the NHS. This would therefore suggest that the principles are still present in the making of current policy, however, they have not been fully achieved.